![]() Other actions range from the deployment of artificial substrates to enhance faunal colonisation and survival to habitat recreation, artificial eutrophication, but also spatial and temporal management of mining operations, as well as optimising mining machine construction to minimise plume size on the sea floor, toxicity of the return plume and sediment compression. From an ecological point of view, the designation of set-aside areas (refuges) is of utmost importance as it appears to be the most comprehensive and precautionary approach, both for well-known and lesser studied areas. A wide range of mitigation and restoration actions for deep-sea ecosystems at risk were addressed. These plans should include efforts to mitigate deep-sea mining impact such as avoidance, minimisation and potentially restoration actions, to maintain or encourage reinstatement of a resilient ecosystem. While there is a shortage or even lack of studies investigating impacts that resemble those caused by actual mining activity, the information available on the potential long-lasting impacts of seabed mining emphasise the need for effective environmental management plans. Impacts range from removal of habitats and possible energy sources to pollution and smaller-scale alterations in local habitats that, depending on the degree of disturbance, can lead to extinction of local communities. Mining impacts will affect local populations to different degrees. 11Marine Benthic Ecology, Biogeochemistry and In-situ Technology Research Group, The Lyell Centre for Earth and Marine Science and Technology, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, United Kingdom.10Fugro, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, United Kingdom.9Alfred Wegener Institute, Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Bremerhaven, Germany.8Ifremer, REM/EEP, Laboratoire Environnement Profond, Plouzané, France.7Centre for Marine and Environmental Research, University of Algarve, Faro, Portugal.6Center of Natural History (CeNak), Zoological Museum, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany.5Senckenberg am Meer, Department of German Centre for Marine Biodiversity Research, Wilhelmshaven, Germany.4National Oceanography Centre, Southampton, United Kingdom.3Department of Ocean Systems, Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research and Utrecht University, Den Burg, Netherlands.2Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, Horta, Portugal.Mestre 7, Telmo Morato 1,2, Christopher Pham 1,2, Florence Pradillon 8, Autun Purser 9, Uwe Raschka 5, Jozée Sarrazin 8, Erik Simon-Lledó 4, Ian M. Jones 4, Stefanie Kaiser 5,6, Pedro Martínez Arbizu 5, Lena Menzel 5, Nélia C. Daphne Cuvelier 1,2*, Sabine Gollner 3, Daniel O. ![]()
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